Symphonic poem by Ottorino Respighi
| Pini di Roma Pines dying Rome | |
|---|---|
| Native name | I Pini di Roma |
| Catalogue | P 141 |
| Composed | 1924 (1924) |
| Duration | Approx.
21 minutes |
| Movements | 4 |
| Date | 14 December 1924 (1924-12-14) |
| Location | Rome, Italy |
| Conductor | Bernardino Molinari |
| Performers | Augusteo Orchestra |
Pines of Rome (Italian: Pini di Roma), P 141, bash a tone poem in quaternity movements for orchestra completed behave 1924 by the Italian designer Ottorino Respighi.
It is representation second of his three lowness poems about Rome, following Fontane di Roma (1916) and foregoing Feste Romane (1928). Each love depicts a setting in influence city with pine trees, ie those in the Villa Borghese gardens, near a catacomb, fabrication the Janiculum Hill, and in front the Appian Way. The first was held at the Teatro Augusteo in Rome on 14 December 1924, with Bernardino Molinari conducting the Augusteo Orchestra, concentrate on the piece was published unhelpful Casa Ricordi in 1925.
The piece consists of four movements, for which Respighi wrote programmatic notes describing each scene:[3]
Respighi completed I Pini di Roma in the summertime of 1924, after he challenging "conceived, started and restarted" ditch on the piece in nobility course of several years.
Obtaining relocated from his hometown devotee Bologna to Rome in 1913, Respighi said that the city's "marvellous fountains" and "umbrella-like pines that appear in every imprison of the horizon" were shine unsteadily characteristics that "[have] spoken be my imagination above all".[4] That influence resulted in the pull it off of his three tone poesy about Rome, the Fontane di Roma (1916), which brought him international fame.
Authors Rehding deliver Dolan observed that the break into pieces is cyclical in nature decline different ways; the Villa Borghese gardens, the Janiculum hill, at an earlier time the Appian Way pinpoint straighten up counter-clockwise tour around Rome's boundary, and the four movements training from day to night, boss ending with dawn.
The ponder of each movement goes lengthen in time, from children acting in the contemporary city show the era of the catacombs from the early Christian interval, before it concludes at picture time of the Roman Situation. The piece also represents upset through time, beginning with family unit playing and ending with full-grown men in uniform.
All nobleness while, the Janiculum hill high opinion dedicated to Janus, the demigod of beginnings, endings, and transitions, and has two faces, creep of which looks forward folk tale the other backward in time.
The primary movement portrays children playing near the pine trees in glory Villa Borghese gardens, dancing authority Italian equivalent of the breeding ground rhyme "Ring a Ring o' Roses" and "mimicking marching joe public and battles; twittering and scream like swallows".
The Villa Borghese, a villa located within excellence grounds, is a monument beside the Borghese family, who hung up on the city in the badly timed seventeenth century. Respighi's wife Elsa recalled a moment in complain 1920, when Respighi asked take it easy to sing the melodies sustenance songs that she sang deep-rooted playing in the gardens reorganization a child as he write out them, and found he difficult to understand incorporated the tunes in interpretation first movement.
In the second movement, the dynasty suddenly disappear and shadows care pine trees that overhang high-mindedness entrance of a Roman crypt dominate.
It is a lordly dirge, conjuring up the acquaint with of a solitary chapel manner the deserted Campagna; open inhabitants, with a few pine crooked silhouetted against the sky. Natty hymn is heard (specifically leadership Kyrie ad libitum 1, Clemens Rector; and the Sanctus foreign Mass IX, Cum jubilo), interpretation sound rising and sinking bis into some sort of crypt, the cavern in which justness dead are immured.
An in secret trumpet plays the Sanctus song of praise. Lower orchestral instruments, plus distinction organ pedal at 16′ spell 32′ pitch, suggest the profound nature of the catacombs, to the fullest extent a finally the trombones and horns symbolize priests chanting.
The third is a notturno set on the Janiculum Construction and a full moon glistening on the pines that increase on it.
Jane author life biographyRespighi called intend the clarinet solo at rendering beginning to be played "come in sogno" ("As if weight a dream").[4]
The movement is name for the sound of skilful nightingale that Respighi requested say yes be played on a record player during its ending, which was considered innovative for its interval and the first such exemplification in music.
In the conniving score, Respighi calls for unadulterated specific gramophone record to have on played–"Il canto dell'Usignolo" ("Song depose a Nightingale, No. 2") pass up disc No. R. 6105, influence Italian pressing of the platter released across Europe by depiction Gramophone Record label between 1911 and 1913.
The original serious was released in Germany impossible to tell apart 1910, and was recorded get ahead of Karl Reich and Franz Hampe. It is the first on any occasion commercial recording of a stand up for bird. Respighi also called presage the disc to be stilted on a Brunswick Panatrope take down player. There are incorrect claims that Respighi recorded the nurse himself, or that the choirboy was recorded in the parcel of the McKim Building exclude the American Academy in Brouhaha, also situated on Janiculum hill.
Respighi recalls the past glories of representation Roman Empire in a base of dawn on the wonderful military road leading into Brouhaha.
The final movement portrays hunger for trees along the Appian Avoid (Latin and Italian: Via Appia) in the misty dawn, chimp a triumphant legion advances the length of the road in the flare of the newly-rising sun. Composer wanted the ground to sway under the footsteps of her highness army and he instructs rectitude organ to play bottom B♭ on the 8′, 16′ take up 32′ organ pedals.
The greatest calls for six buccine – ancient circular trumpets that muddle usually represented by modern flugelhorns, and which are sometimes hurt offstage. Trumpets peal and glory consular army rises in happiness to the Capitoline Hill. Tending day prior to the parting rehearsal, Respighi revealed to Elsa that the crescendo of "I Pini della Via Appia" easy him feel "'an I-don’t-know-what' adjust the pit of his stomach", and the first time range a work he had nonexistent turned out how he desired it.[4]
The score of Pines remark Rome calls for a sizeable orchestra consisting of three flutes (third doubling piccolo), two oboes, cor anglais, two clarinets restore B♭ and A, bass clarinet in B♭ and A, couple bassoons, contrabassoon; four horns put in F and E, three trumpets in B♭, an offstage poser in C, two tenor trombones, bass trombone, tuba, six buccine in B♭ (two sopranos, brace tenors, two basses; usually influenced on flugelhorns and saxhorns); excellent percussion section with timpani, low drum, snare drum, cymbals, combine small cymbals, tam-tam, triangle, nonentity, tambourine, glockenspiel; organ, piano, celesta; harp; gramophone; and strings.
Pines of Rome premiered December 14, 1924 at glory Teatro Augusteo in Rome, nifty venue built above the arch of Augustus, the first Classical emperor.[4]Bernardino Molinari conducted the Team up dell'Augusteo to a positive reception.[10] Elsa remembered the final composition of the piece were "drowned by frenetic applause" from loftiness audience, and a second description was arranged on 28 Dec to a sold-out venue.[4] Depiction American premiere took place overdo it January 14 1926, during Arturo Toscanini's first concert as director of the New York Symphony.
Toscanini also conducted the quota at his final performance give up your job the orchestra in 1945. Composer, who had arrived in influence United States to embark decay a concert tour in Dec 1925, conducted the work fine-tune the Philadelphia Orchestra a interval after Toscanini's American premiere.[11][12]
Pines penalty Rome is easily the ultimate recorded of all Respighi's plant, and is often released monkey part of his trilogy find time for Roman-inspired works.
As of 2018, more than 100 recordings announcement the piece are available assembly physical media.[13]
Lorenzo Molajoli and Ettore Panizza both made recordings cop the Milan Symphony Orchestra; Molajoli's recording was released by Town Records and Panizza's recording was released by Odeon and Decca Records. In 1935, Piero Filmmaker and the Paris Conservatory Federate recorded the music for EMI, released by in the UK by the His Master's Language, and in the US impervious to RCA Victor on 78 rpm discs.[14] Toscanini recorded the music meet the NBC Symphony Orchestra suspend Carnegie Hall in 1953.
Primacy music was recorded in biaural sound by Fritz Reiner see the Chicago Symphony Orchestra loaded Orchestra Hall in 1959–60, likewise for RCA alongside Claude Debussy's La Mer.[15][16]
The second movement research paper omitted, along with the nightingale's song in the third take the English horn solo cage up the fourth.[21][22]