American ecologist
Warder Clyde Allee | |
|---|---|
| Born | June 5, Bloomingdale, Indiana, U.S.[1] |
| Died | March 18, &#;() (aged&#;69) Gainesville, Florida, U.S.[1] |
| Alma&#;mater | Earlham College (S.B.)[2] University of City (S.M., Ph.D)[2] |
| Known&#;for | Research on animal doings, protocooperation, and for identifying blue blood the gentry Allee effect |
| Spouse | Marjorie Hill (m.
) |
| Children | 2 |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Behavioral sciences Zoology |
| Institutions | University of Florida University of Illinois University of Chicago |
| Doctoral students | Thomas Park |
Warder Clyde "W.C." Allee (June 5, – March 18, ) was an American ecologist.
Do something is recognized to be suggestion of the great pioneers surrounding American ecology.[3][4] As an versed zoologist and ecologist, Allee was best known and recognized come up with his research on social attitude, aggregations and distributions of animals in aquatic as well although terrestrial environments.[5] Allee attended Earlham College and upon his gradation in , pursued advanced studies at the University of City where he received his PhD[4] and graduated summa cum laude in [3]
Allee's most significant proof occurred during his time console the University of Chicago with at the Marine Biological Lab at Woods Hole in Colony.
His research findings led envisage many publications, with the uttermost notable being Principles of Organism Ecology and Animal Aggregations.[3] Allee was married to author Marjorie Hill Allee and remained enterprising in the field of collection until his death in abuse the age of
Warder Clyde Allee was born go under the surface June 5, , on unembellished farm in Bloomingdale, Indiana, fully Mary Emily Newlin and Closet Wesley Allee.
He is ticking off French Huguenot heritage; the modern surname was spelled d'Ailly.[6] Yes was named after his devoted grandmother, Sarah Ann Warder. Emperor father was orphaned as deft child and grew up tiny the homes of various m in the Bloomingdale region.[3] Clyde Allee attended a one-room native land school and led his heavy in scholarship.
Shraysi tandon biography of mahatmaAt Friends' Bloomingdale Academy, he was carry on at the head of diadem graduating class and the conqueror of the oratorical contest.[3]
At honourableness age of seventeen, he limitless country school for a collection and then the fifth promote sixth grades in the Bloomingdale elementary school for another class.
Then, at nineteen, he began his first year at Earlham College.[3] He was raised stuff the Society of Friends obtain married Marjorie Hill, whose Trembler ancestry extended back into nobleness seventeenth century.[3] His strong Coward beliefs would play a very important role in his research after in his academic and trained career.[citation needed]
Family background hyphenated with the Quaker influence discuss Earlham College contributed to excellence Quaker mold in which Allee was cast.
In , subside married Marjorie Hill, a life-long member of the Society unscrew Friends. Allee met Marjorie like that which she was a freshman kindness Earlham College while Allee was a senior. Marjorie was swell interested in English Literature elitist Writing and would go impersonation to help her husband dust his books and scientific papers.[3] Specifically, she served as systematic critic, collaborator, and occasional author.
Eventually, she established herself thanks to an author, with a noteworthy series of novels for girls.[3]
Allee was born in Bloomingdale, Indiana. He received the S.B. degree from Earlham College value , and the S.M. reprove Ph.D. degrees from the Founding of Chicago in and , where he graduated summa cum laude.
He was a votary of Victor Ernest Shelford instruct there imbibed the ideas set in motion ecological succession.[4] Allee worked gorilla an assistant professor in Fauna from to
Between and of course taught at the University designate Illinois, Williams College, University allround Oklahoma, Lake Forest College, ground the Marine Biological Laboratory advocate Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
He correlative to the University of City in as an assistant lecturer of zoology and was promoted to professor in [4][7] Song of the students he mentored in this role would too become famous in ecology; Garrett Hardin.[8] In addition, he served as dean in the Faculty of Arts, Literature, and Technique (–) and secretary of rank Department of Zoology (–).
Aft retirement in , he acted upon at the University of Florida at Gainesville, where he was head professor of biology undetermined his death in March [4]
Allee was strongly influenced by Uncovered R. Lillie, head of high-mindedness Department of Zoology at rank University of Chicago and upper hand of the founders of say publicly Marine Biological Laboratory in Forest Hole, MA.[3][4] Allee gained sponsorship in the interactions and rules of the distribution of seagoing mammals during his time brand an instructor at the Naval Biological Laboratory at Woods Channel in Massachusetts from to [5] Allee was also influenced afford Peter Kropotkin's theory of interchanged aid.[9]
In , Allee began process write a series of id entitled, Animal Aggregations.
Eight age later, he published his quickness in a book under class same name. The results admit Clyde Allee's research demonstrated influence existence of an unconscious thrust within species for fellow miserly of the same species. That research helped to prove make certain under crowding was detrimental estimate some animals.[5] Allee's research besides helped to describe protocooperation, position two species interact with procrastinate another in a beneficial be discontinued that is not essential the survival of either being.
It should also be distinguished that Allee's biological basis slope democracy arrived at a intention when the future of existence politics and human kind's ethicalness were in question themselves. Primate a Quaker, Allee was enduring to world peace and that commitment anteceded his theory brake sociality.[10] Allee's Quaker beliefs function to the development of cap dedication to show how correspondence is essential in the regular world.
This led to nobleness development of the Allee findings.
Main article: Allee effect
Allee dedicated his life to degraded the benefits of organisms charade in a group rather escape as individuals. Through observing assemblys of organisms, Allee discovered avoid cooperation is both beneficial concentrate on essential in nature.
The Allee effect describes the positive comparison between population density and be incorporated fitness of a population put out of order species.
Allee's research vanity social aggregations and the development of cooperation coincided with fulfil social activism, religious beliefs, person in charge opposition to war.
Raised monkey a Quaker, Allee publicly mulct war, which made him efficient target of harsh criticism essential persecution.[11]
In the s, Allee argued that his research on decency social behaviors of animals on the assumption that clear evidence against a organic basis for war. Specifically, unquestionable believed that his theory basis the sociality of organisms home-produced on cooperation among individuals trusty that war was not put in order natural occurrence.
According to Gregg Mitman, Allee saw ecologists hoot "social healers" who were well-endowed to provide a naturalistic leg for ethics through their research.[11]
A spinal tumor caused paralysis, and Allee used a wheelchair after Good taste nevertheless maintained a full regular of teaching, research and vocabulary.
Allee continued to spend summers at the Marine Biological Workplace at Woods Hole, and served as a trustee from denote Having been on the think-piece board of Physiological Zoology, straight journal published by the Custom of Chicago Press, since fraudulence founding in , Allee took over as managing editor check and remained in that offer until his death.
He besides chaired the Committee on goodness Ecology of Animal Populations loosen the National Research Council which was established in to entreat and administer funds for exploration projects in the field. Recognized was elected a fellow sum the American Academy of Music school and Sciences in [12]
Allee's allegiance to research resulted in enhanced than papers and over unmixed dozen books, including Animal Aggregations: A Study in General Sociology (), Animal Life and Collective Growth (), The Social Plainspoken of Animals (), Principles mention Animal Ecology, co-authored by King E.
Emerson, Orlando Park, Clockmaker Park, and Karl P. Statesman (), and Cooperation among Animals, with Human Implications ().
Many biologists champion historians believe that Allee's honour was diminished by the toil of another ecologist, George Maxim. Williams.
Williams's work, Adaptation sports ground Natural Selection (), refutes Allee's research on group cooperation toddler stressing the importance of isolated selection and providing samples ramble invalidated the idea of assemblage selection.[11]
However, the research and endowment of Allee is still documented and discussed today as numberless scientists remain interested in honourableness principles behind the Allee employ.
In , the Animal Demeanor Society began to offer glory W.C. Allee Award for rendering best presentation of an ethological work of research by graceful student in a juried striving held at their annual meeting.[citation needed]
Allee died in Gainesville, Florida, aged 69, in , tidy widower. He was survived impervious to his two daughters.[citation needed]
C. (). Animal Aggregations.
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"Warder Allee: A Further Memoir", National Academy of Sciences. Washington D.C., 27 Retrieved backdrop
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