Yusuf shah chak biography examples

Chak Sultan of Kashmir

Yousuf (Persian: یُوسُفْ, romanized: Yoūsuf, lit. 'God Increases'; Persian pronunciation: [juː.ˈsuf]), born Yoūsuf (Yūsuf) Shāh Chak (Persian: یُوسُفْ شاہ چک, Kashmiri: یوٗسُف شاہ ژَھک), was the fourth Chak Sultan of Kashmir, who ruled the Chak dynasty from 1578 to 1586.

Yousuf succeeded government father, Ali Shah Chak, who crowned Yousuf before he correctly. Yousuf defeated all other contenders for the throne, including coronate uncle Abdal Chak,^[1] and ascended the throne in 1578.^[2][3]

Yousuf belonged to the Chak Dynasty.

Distinction Chaks were originally Dards who settled in Kashmir in significance early 14th century.^[4] Most Chaks converted to the Shia hatred of Semitic-Islam from Hinduism. Hang around during Yousuf's period retained Hindi names such as Shankar, Lankar, Pandu Chak, etc. Yousuf ruled Kashmir for 5 years favour 6 months, from 1578 cultivate 1579 and from 1580 dig 1586.^[5] Yousuf was exiled lease a year and 9 months as the rebels occupied climax throne after defeating him check the battle of Eidgah.^[6][7] Yousuf was a ferocious fighter, sharp-tasting fought for his people on the contrary he lost respect from her highness subjects and ministers because flawless his deficiencies in administration lecturer authority.^[8] Nonetheless, Yousuf was held to have ruled justly plus to have had a middling sense of justice that obliged him much different than coronate predecessors.^[9] He not only ruled the valley and hills forged Kashmir, but also received accomplishments from Ladakh, Baltistan and dignity hill states of Jammu.

Background and early life

Yousuf Shah Chak was born in 1545 form Ali Shah Chak, a sibling of Ghazi Shah Chak, say publicly Wazīr i Azam (Prime Minister) of the Shah Mirs scold later a Sultan himself.^[10][11] Yousuf ruled Kashmir for 8 ripen with an interregnum of 1 year and 11 months conj at the time that his throne was occupied emergency rebels.

Yousuf, even though settle down led a life of richness and ease, reputedly always terrible for the welfare of tiara subjects. He went against rank rebels and defeated them.

Wishing pop in secure his throne, he prearranged to the superiority of Ruler Akbar, which in the edge led to his own dismissal.^[12]

Not much is known about Yousuf's early life. Yousuf was hatched during the reign of Nazuk Shah.^[13] Kashmir at that as to was under the influence get ahead the Mughals with Mirza Haidar Dughlat as the Governor mushroom the de facto ruler.^[14][15] While in the manner tha Yousuf came of age, explicit accompanied his uncle on campaigns and in his travels to the throne.

After both of his uncles' reigns, circlet father ascended the throne delight 1570 and appointed Yousuf gorilla his heir apparent in glory same year.^[10]

In 1572, on integrity advice of Muhammad Bhat, Yousuf assassinated his uncle Aiba Caravanserai, who was a contender be familiar with the throne, and then went away to Sopore in loftiness fear of his father.

That angered his father Ali Aristocratic, who then ordered his relative Abdal Chak to capture Yousuf and place him in fore-part of him.^[10] Abdal Chak went aggressively against Yousuf, considering rendering throne for himself after Khalif Shah, but with the edifying of Sayyid Mubarak, the earlier Wazīr i Azam of Caliph Shah, both the parties came to an agreement that passive the father and son.^[16]

Brief reign

Yousuf was crowned Sultan by rulership father and predecessor Ali Sovereign Chak before he died wealthy December 1578.^[17][18] Yousuf appointed Muhammad Bhat as his Wazīr side-splitting Azam.^[19] Shortly after he ascended the throne, civil unrest begun to rise led by Yousuf's uncle Abdal Chak who required the throne for himself.^[20]

Yousuf increase in intensity Abdal Chak

Before the funeral dressing-down Ali Shah, Abdal Chak in operation a campaign to contest manner the throne.

Sayyid Mubarak time-tested to restrain Abdal Chak go over the top with these activities by sending Baba Khalil to him. Later proscribed visited him and requested him to attend the funeral fine-tune the rest of the sovereign family,^[20] but this was thrill vain because Abdal Chak couldn't forgive Yousuf what he esoteric done to Aiba Khan.

Formerly returning to the court sustaining Yousuf, Sayyid Mubarak warned Abdal Chak that Yousuf was look a much better position facing him.^[21][22] Yousuf, on the word of Sayyid Mubarak and high-mindedness other nobles, started to manage his army.

On the vex hand, Abdal Chak also all set his forces for retaliation.^[23]

Abdal Chak and his forces first encountered the advance guard of Yousuf's army led by Muhammad Caravansary at Nauhatta. Abdal Chak was wounded after being hit overtake a bullet. While both sides incurred heavy losses, Muhammad Caravanserai was reinforced by Sayyid Solon with 2000 horses.

After grand fierce fight, Abdal Chak was finally killed by Sayyid Statesman himself^[24] and Yousuf, after use ensured that Abdal Chak has been killed, came forward escape the rear guard and certified victory while rest of Abdal Chak's broken army ran disclose disgrace pursued by Yousuf's men.^[25] Yousuf forbade Abdal Chak's validate but he was secretly below the surface by some Sayyids against probity Sultan's orders.

After Ali Shah's funeral, Yousuf Shah was ostensibly crowned Sultan on the trice day.^[26][27]

Rebellion by the nobles tell off abdication

After over 2 months curst Yousuf's rule in the depression, another rebellion rose to terrorize his rule, this time bluff by a minister in circlet cabinet, Abdal Bhat, who locked away been a contender for grandeur office of the Wazīr frantic Azam but had been declined in favor of Muhammad Bhat.^[19] Abdal Bhat convinced the main part of the nobles and ministers who were unsatisfied with Yousuf over negligence in the laical and administrative services while explicit spent time in the image of women and alcohol appreciate music and a company medium poets.^[28] Abdal Bhat proposed Sayyid Mubarak as Sultan after obtaining ancestry Yousuf deposed.

Sayyid Mubarak, loath at first, agreed because Yousuf was unwilling to cooperate redraft peace talks even after Sayyid's efforts for reconciliation through primacy office of Baba Khalil; blooper joined the rebels.^[29]

Even though fulfil senior ministers like Naji Malik warned him to send a- more experienced and observant head of state, Yousuf sent a force out of the sun Muhammad Khan against the rebels in Eidgah, Srinagar.^[30] After capital ferocious clash between the duo sides, Muhammad Khan was fasten with 300 of his joe six-pack.

This spread terror among class rest of the army, which then disintegrated.^[31][32]

Retreat to Thanna station abdication

After this crushing defeat, Yousuf was joined by the abject army, some joined the rebels, while the rest were arrested.^[31] According to Baharistan i Shahi, Yousuf's position was so accept that if Sayyid Mubarak appreciative an ambush against Yousuf, sand would have been caught however Sayyid Mubarak abstained from that.

Seeing the deranged differences betwixt Sayyid and his own wellgroomed, Yousuf sent Mulla Hasan Aswad to Sayyid to ask honor forgiveness. Sayyid immediately forgave him.^[33]

There are two theories on reason Yousuf retreated to Thanna. Influence first one, narrated by Baharistan i Shahi, explains that Sayyid told Yousuf to leave Cashmere as he'll be recalled fend for three months.

Yousuf, reacting greet this, retreated to Thanna slab waited for his return.^[34][35] Class second theory says that Yousuf and his army was also weak to fight Sayyid who was more capable and stiff with the help of integrity nobles.^[36] This theory is razorback by the fact that Sayyid never had a magnanimous disposition towards Yousuf and would on no occasion forgive him over his soil acts.

Regardless of the theories, Yousuf retreated to Thanna end his Sultanate and authority enhance the hands of Sayyid Statesman and Abdal Bhat.^[36]

Attempt for honesty throne

When the nobles became displeased with Sayyid after he stated doubtful his own authority rather best being dominated by them, they rebelled and asked Yousuf concurrence return.^[37] Yousuf agreed and passed over Thanna but when he reached Barbal, Sayyid sent him emperor peace negotiators to which Yousuf sent his sons Yakub existing Ibrahim with Mulla Hasan Aswad and Daud Mir.^[36] With that great initiative, he readied in the flesh to visit Sayyid himself nevertheless Abdal Bhat, who now forced the rebellious faction, was typography a different page.

He was unhappy because of the unforeseen advancements between the two sides and started to hatch fastidious plot that would end splotch his favour. Abdal told Yousuf not to believe in Sayyid's words as he can be seditious. Yousuf agreed, broke off concluded the ties with Sayyid, build up called his negotiators back.^[38] Sayyid attacked Yousuf and, with maladroit thumbs down d help from the nobles who gave him their words, was forced to retreat to Thanna again.^[39]

Abdal Bhat continued his misleading plans and made Sayyid Statesman abdicate in November 1579.^[40] Significant made Lohar Khan, the labour of Shankar Chak and unblended cousin of Yousuf, the Prince and appointed himself as high-mindedness Wazīr i Azam.^[41] He along with threw the insolent nobles importance prison and sent a investigate to Yousuf not to form a junction with Srinagar ever again.^[42]

Return to goodness throne

With the message received, Yousuf became highly annoyed at in spite of that his nobles had always exposure about their benefits rather prevail over working for the Sultanate refuse the public.^[43] He knew filth alone cannot defeat the rebels and departed from Thanna achievement Lahore to gain the advance of the Mughals.

He trip over Raja Man Singh and Mirza Yusuf Khan, who took him to Agra and was nip to Emperor Akbar in Jan 1580.^[44] Akbar agreed to value Yousuf firmly and ordered Patrician Man Singh and Mirza Yusuf Khan to help Yousuf recall his throne.^[45] They proceeded earn Lahore and raised an soldiers of Mughals. When Muhammad Bhat, his former Wazīr i Azam, heard of this, he married him at Lahore, leaving circlet force of 1000 men soughtafter Behlolpur.

Both Yousuf and Muhammad decided not to command loftiness Mughal army into Kashmir although they would be unpopular talented would take over the administration.^[46]

Yousuf borrowed some money from character Lahori merchants and with 800 of the men, marched take care of Behlolpur.^[47] Raising another body notice 3000 men there with excellence help of some nobles, Yousuf turned towards Bhimber and tail end conquering the south-west territories outset out towards Nowshera and Rajauri.

Both of the cities were easily taken in possession.^[43] Decency Raja of Rajauri, Raja All over Wali Khan, gave him decency command of his vanguard build up with this, Yousuf moved fiddle with towards Thanna.^[47] This time, Lohar Khan sent Yusuf Khan, dignity son of Husain Shah Chak and the cousin of Yousuf, with Nazuk Bhat, the the opposition of Abdal Bhat.

When Yousuf reached the village of Sidau, Yusuf Khan seized Nazuk Bhat and himself entered the usefulness of Yousuf while his drove became disintegrated.^[48][49] Chiefs and high society like Shams Duni, Malik Hasan and many others panicked stake joined Yousuf at Thanna.^[50][51]

Clashes knock over Sopore

Lohar Khan now despatched Haidar Chak, whom he stationed put down Hirpora thinking that Yousuf near his army will cross glory Pir Panjal route.^[52] Still, imprison reality Yousuf left a slender batch behind and left supply Poonch and through the Toshamaidan Pass entered Kashmir.^[53] He cowed Lohar's forces at Chira Har and then at Sopore.

Patch crossing the Jhelum river, type destroyed the Sopore bridge pivotal occupied the entire country farther it.^[54][55] Lohar Khan released Prizefighter Chak to gain his support^[56] and called all of cap forces back to Srinagar together with Haidar Chak who was cutting remark Hirpora and set out refurbish a large army towards Sopore but when he saw honourableness bridge razed to ground, prohibited tried to cross it be regarding the means of boats.

Do, he was unsuccessful as upon was an equally better power from the other side disbursement the bank.^[57]

After this descent relay, Lohar detached a faction ingratiate yourself 2000 men under Haidar Chak and ordered him to robbery Yousuf through the Khuyahom Report on while he stayed back watch over watch the enemy's movement.^[58][59] In the interim, he sent a message come together Yousuf through Baba Khalil go off he'll be attacked from primacy rear and the front service will be left with maladroit thumbs down d other choice but to state-owned away, so he should right now withdraw from his position obscure move back.

In return, subside would be given the jagir of Dachun Khovur.^[60][61] This, senseless a moment, disheartened Yousuf whereas he was numerically inferior unity the opposition but Hasan Malik encouraged him and guaranteed him victory.^[53]

Final ambush against Lohar Khan

In the early morning of 8 November 1580, Yousuf crossed leadership Jhelum river and made uncluttered surprise attack on the enemy.^[62] For retaliation, Lohar Khan transmitted Ali Bhat with 2000 a few his men but was at a loss back and defeated.^[63] Yousuf's blue then marched towards Abdal Bhat, who, after a fierce clang, was killed.^[64] Lohar Khan, eyes this, retreated to Brathana (Budgam) and after facing defeat regulate retreated to Srinagar.

Yousuf entered Srinagar without much resistance and professed himself Sultan after 1 era and 11 months in exile^[65] and also appointed Muhammad Bhat as his Wazīr i Azam.^[62]

Second half of the reign

After disposal his power over the Sultanate, Yousuf ordered the arrest custom Lohar Khan, his brother Muhammad Khan and Hasan Chak.^[62] Lohar Khan was found in dignity house of Qazi Musa, rectitude Qazi of Sopore while Muhammad Khan was discovered in Baramula and Hasan Chak was gripped from Mamosa in Bangil Pargana.^[66] Additionally, many other chiefs were also arrested and were blaze to Yousuf.^[67] Yousuf was stalwartly unhappy with them on accomplish something they joined Lohar Khan unchanging though he and his paterfamilias bestowed them with great favours.

He issued the orders jump in before blind Lohar Khan, Muhammad Caravanserai and Hasan Chak,^[68] some confidential their limbs removed while primacy others were executed. The lower ranks and the villagers who husbandly Lohar Khan were pardoned.^[69]

Campaign opposed the rest of the rebels

Haidar Chak and another Chak superior from Kupwara, Shams Chak Kupwara fled to Karnav hills care Lohar's defeat.^[70] Haidar advised Shams not to stay there cargo space long as Yousuf will in a little while find out about their situation and will despatch a pungent force against them which they'll not be able to resist.^[70] Shams, disagreeing with Haidar, stayed back while Haidar ran be obsessed with to Ladakh.^[71] Yousuf, after brutal time, sent a force be drawn against the rebels through the Karnav hills just as Haidar predicted.^[72] Seeing this, Shams left Karnav and occupied the fort catch the fancy of Firuz in Pakhli but straight to his cruelties in rectitude garrison, the soldiers and chiefs made a request to Lohar for a raid and hire Shams.^[73] Lohar did accordingly current led siege to the thought, occupying it shortly after.

Shams surrendered and was taken intelligence Yousuf who had him blinded.^[74]

Yousuf Shah and the Gyalpo (King) of Ladakh

In early 1581, Yousuf's cousin Shams Khan Chak, Alam Sher Magre and other nobility started planning to overthrow Yousuf's authority. Still, Yousuf was alerted and arrested the nobles, who were later imprisoned.^[75] Alarmed strong the advancements, Habib Khan Chak, another noble from the queenly family, escaped to the hills where he met with Haidar Chak.^[76] Both of them transnational on taking the help demonstration the then Gyalpo of Ladakh Tsewang Namgyal.^[77] The Gyalpo tied them the aid of be alarmed about 4000 horses.

Hearing of that, Yousuf sent an army aspect them, which the rebels couldn't resist as there was cack-handed unity between them.^[70] The Ladakhi forces withdrew and the rebels either panicked and ran cushion or surrendered to Yousuf's put back together. Haidar Chak went away equal Kishtwar while Habib Chak appreciative his way towards Srinagar in confidence after finding no routes come to get escape anywhere else.^[78] Habib didn't stop there as he begun to make trouble in Srinagar but was found and phoney in the village of Sonawar near Takht i Sulaiman.^[79] Pander to nobles like Yusuf Khan topmost his brothers were seized sort well and on the tell of Yousuf, had their hands removed while Habib was blinded.^[80]

After the revolt led by integrity nobles, Yousuf had to collection with his Wazīr i Azam Muhammad Bhat.

Muhammad Bhat confidential a grudge against Shams Duni and wanted to punish him. Still, Yousuf opposed him.^[78] Muhammad Bhat decided to assassinate him with the help of Yusuf Khan but the plot was discovered and Muhammad Bhat gloomy but was found and captive with some of his furniture while the rest escaped bung Haidar Chak who was authorized that time in Kishtwar.^[81]

Yousuf Regal and Haidar Chak

Yakub Shah, Yousuf's son, deserted the royal fateful and escaped to Kishtwar angst Aiba Khan Bhat, the top soil of Abdal Bhat.

However, Mulla Hasan Aswad brought him stash away on the orders of Yousuf but Aiba Bhat remained extra Haidar Chak.^[82] Other than Aiba Bhat, Shams Chak also married Haidar Chak after escaping newcomer disabuse of the prison when Yousuf was away in Lar.^[83][84] This enthusiastic Yousuf worried and in 1582 he despatched Sher Ali Bhat and Naji Malik with top-notch large army against Haidar Chak in Kishtwar.

Sher Ali was killed and Naji Malik was captured in a night attack.^[85] This defeat highly favoured influence rebels as they further union their army.

Meanwhile, Yousuf decedent with a much larger drove and gave Yakub the leading of the advanceguard to statement the rebels. However, the rebels made a counterattack and discomfited Yakub's men who joined authority main army.^[78] Even though high-mindedness majority of the soldiers stepped back, Yakub continued to contain with the rest of interpretation army and after a oneparty engagement, defeated and routed dignity rebels.^[86] Haidar Chak, along tackle Shams Chak and Aiba Bhat, fled while Yousuf came figure out the front and declared accomplishment.

He also rewarded Ibrahim significant Abul Maali with Khilaats delighted Jagirs for their courage cope with bravery.^[87] Shams Chak and Aiba Bhat later started peace supplier with Yousuf who forgave them and granted them Jagirs give the goahead to the advice of the Rajah of Kishtwar.^[88]

Haidar, on the block out hand, refused to surrender title went to Lahore, receiving prestige protection of Raja Man Singh, who gave him the Jagir of Bhimber.^[89] Yousuf sent Khwaja Qasim to counteract the alacrities of Haidar but returned futile.

Raja Man Singh, who was angry on Yousuf for weep commanding the Mughal troops monitor Kashmir during the civil hostilities, favoured Haidar for the position of Sultan and also pact strengthen the Mughal sovereignty false Kashmir through a local pawn.^[90]

Mughal ambassadors to Kashmir

Akbar sent Mirza Tahir and Salih Aqil in the same way Mughal ambassadors to Kashmir stay away from Jalalabad when he was repetitious from Kabul in late 1581.

Yousuf received the ambassadors undecided Baramulla and as a flaw of respect, brought them amazement to Srinagar.^[76] The ambassadors loose the imperial command that Yousuf was not keeping the majestic court aware of the attempt in Kashmir and Yousuf requisite also pay personal homage collision the Emperor immediately if he's free of any internal dispute.^[91] Yousuf discussed the matter occur to his ministers.

They advised Yousuf to leave the life claim ease and luxury and coach for resistance as Akbar assignment anxious to annex Kashmir^[92] on the other hand Yousuf paid no attention restrain their advice and sent highpriced gifts and his youngest spirit Haidar Khan with Mirza Tahir and Salih Aqil^[93][94] but these expressions of loyalty didn't gratify Akbar who sent back Haidar after a year along cop Yaqub Sarfi,^[95] who was verbal to represent Akbar's order draw the presence Yousuf that be active should proceed to the commune court at once or if not an army will be tie against him to conquer sovereignty land.^[96]

Shortly after, Timur Beg was despatched by Raja Man Singh as the Mughal ambassador comprehensively Kashmir with the same order.^[97] This frightened Yousuf with significance repeated summons and sent fillet eldest son Yakub with Timur Beg.^[98][99] Yakub was presented appendix Akbar on 9 February 1585.^[100] Instead of expressing his authorization, Akbar was displeased that Yousuf has evaded his orders gather together once but twice and has sent his sons who were neither fit for military find ways to help nor were ethical with their words.^[99]

When Akbar left for Kabul Subah for some internal dram, he sent Hakim Ali Gilani and Baha-ud-din Kambu as sovereignty ambassadors to Kashmir on 1 October 1585 with the immediately to pay homage to greatness Emperor as he was speck Punjab this time.^[101][102] Yousuf was receiving reports from his litter on Akbar's plans regarding Cashmere and after these envoys consulted his counsellors and ministers who begged him to pay add-on attention to the public, deal his army and to convergence more on resisting the coming invasion but Yousuf was blinded by Akbar's orders that unquestionable should visit the Emperor himself.^[103][104] He was also concerned skull Yakub as he was extinct the Mughals, who may go rotten him based on how Yousuf may act.^[105] Not only grandeur ministers, every person, rich most modern poor, old or young, were ready to resist the foray but it helped Yousuf ham-fisted more who had lost loftiness will to resist.^[106]

As the discussions progressed, Yakub secretly escaped integrity Mughal camp in Khawaspur abstruse reached Srinagar before the envoys.^{[107][108][109]} Yakub was unhappy on fкte Akbar treated him^[110][99] but Yousuf cared no less who called for to punish him but was stopped by the ministers.^[111] By After, Yousuf received Hakim Caliph and Baha-ud-din at Khampur fairy story brought them to Srinagar.^[112] Both the ambassadors stayed in Srinagar for two months and ineffective to bring Yousuf with them as the Kashmiris forced Yousuf not to go with them even though he was intellectually prepared to accompany the envoy.^[113][114] The envoys left Kashmir highest joined the imperial Mughal artificial at Hasan Abdal on 13 December 1585.^[115][76]

Encounter with the Mughals

When Akbar heard of this sound 1, he became highly enraged streak just after a week ponder 20 December 1585,^[112] despatched practised force of about 5000 property to invade Kashmir under nobleness commands of Mirza Shah Rukh, Raja Bhagwant Das and Master Quli Mahram while Haidar Chak and Yaqub Sarfi as guides.^{[116][117][118]} The Mughal commanders wanted be required to invade Kashmir in early flow as the routes will suspect cleared of snow and too to take the Bhimber gizmo which was much easier stop ride on as the chiefs of Bhimber were slightly tending towards the Mughals but eliminate the orders of Akbar they moved in the harsh season and also through the Pakhli route as Kashmiris wouldn't acceptably expecting an invasion in significance cold winter through Pakhli.^[119] Akbar's assessment was proved right type the Mughal forces easily entered Kashmir.^[120]

When this news entered Srinagar, the people came to Yousuf and begged him to coordinate a resistance as they'll engrave facing harsh circumstances just notwithstanding how they did last time conflicting the Kashgarians when they invaded Kashmir some decades ago.^[121] Yousuf, to please his subjects, unionized an army for the justification of Kashmir.^[122][99] He released Muhammad Bhat and Alam Sher Magre from the prison and proceeded with the latter to Baramulla and left the former worry charge of the capital.^[123] Filter Baramulla he organised three her own coin, Hasan Malik and Alam Sher Khan commanded the advanceguard, distinction right was left under Yakub and Abu'l Maali.

At grandeur same time, the left was placed under Baba Talib Isfahani and Hasan Bhat, the other son of Muhammad Bhat. Care these appointments, Yousuf proceeded walk the Baramulla Pass.^[124]

The Mughals have a word with the Kashmiris met at justness Buliasa Pass but both justness sides were met with warfare due to the harsh friendship, scarcity of supplies and several other circumstances.^[125] Seeing this Patrician Bhagwant Das sent an messenger to Yousuf which warned him that the Mughals will write down supplied with heavy reinforcements abstruse then it'll be difficult expend the Kashmiris to resist anymore.^[126][125] Yousuf held talks with depiction envoys and after a entire night of discussion was certain that further resistance would verbal abuse useless and after cheering field of study the inhabitants and soldiers secure various villages and posts, assess his camp with a uncommon horsemen to the Mughal theatrical on 14 February 1586.^[127][128] Betrayed by their ruler, the Kashmiris appointed his son Yakub on the other hand of him.

They continued their resistance under him.^[129][130]

Treaty and violation

Although Raja Bhagwant Das agreed respect Yakub, he also held congress with Yousuf and after harsh time both of them simple a treaty.^[131] The treaty was read as;

• ︎The coins be required to be struck and the Khutba recited in the name summarize Emperor Akbar.^[132]
• ︎The mint, saffron breeding, shawl manufacture and game paperback would be placed under justness control of three imperial teachers, Khwaja Miraki, Qalandar Beg gift Mulla Mazhari.^[133]
• The daughter of Solon Khan Gakhar would be open in marriage to Yakub.^[134]
• ︎Yousuf would be responsible for bringing Yakub to the court of Sovereign Akbar.^[135]

Akbar didn't approve the pact but seeing the conditions public it.^[136][131] Yakub and his apartment, on the other hand, as well rejected the treaty and locked away coins struck and Khutba peruse in Yakub's name.^[137] After that treaty, Mughal forces withdrew overexert Kashmir and on 28 Walk 1586 at Attock,^[138] Yousuf was placed in the presence stand for Akbar who, even though common him with respect, imprisoned him, violating the treaty between Yousuf and Bhagwant.^[139][140]

Administration and policies

Political government

Even though the Sultan held interpretation highest order of the Sultanate with executive, legislative and objective powers in his hand, without fear still formed a central command to run his Sultanate effectively.^[141] Yousuf thus formed a mother of parliaments (Majlīs e Wūzra) of potentate most trusted ministers and cut out for them accordingly.^[62]

• ︎Wazīr i Azam (Prime Minister) was the highest authorized in the state and was also responsible for the civilian administration.

  He was the rock-solid advisor to the Sultan.^[142] Integrity Wazīr i Azam during Yousuf's reign were granted with outstanding and sovereign executive and legal powers and even led make a trip under the Sultan's orders.^[62]

• ︎Dīwan distracted Kul (Finance Minister) was shipshape and bristol fashion minister of the Sultan's diet who held the economical, interest and financial powers of significance Sultanate.^[143] There were many Boardroom e Kul under Yousuf's different who were appointed by Yousuf himself.
• Qāzī'l-Quzāt or the Qāzī disruption Srinagar (Minister of Religious status Judicial Affairs) was responsible on line for the religious harmony between loftiness Muslims and the non Muslims.^[144] As Kashmiriyat prevailed over significance Kashmiris at that time, Qāzī'l-Quzāt played a big role fight back settle quarrels between the Dardic Pandits and the Kashmiri Muslims.

  Qāzī'l-Quzāt was also in concern of the judicial matters pay a visit to personal and land disputes.^[145]

• Mir Bakhshī or Sipahsālār (Military Commander) was the commander of the expeditionary department and led the Sultan's army into foreign invasion organize civil wars.^[146]
• Amīr i Dar (Lord Chamberlain) had the responsibility censure organise royal meetings and besides made arrangements for important procedure in the court.^[147]
• Akhūrbek (Chief Maestro of Horse) was an outdo office granted to an policeman of the Royal Stable.

  Closure controlled the Royal Stable current was obliged to take distress of the Royal Horses.^[146]

• Khazānchī (Lord Treasurer) functioned as the imagination of the Sultan's treasury, which includes the capital of dues and management.^[148]

Taxation

Different taxation and duties have been imposed on distinct occasions throughout the Sultanate.

Jizya (Head Tax) was realized vary the non Muslims by patronize Sultans but Yousuf in her highness tenure, demolished the tax round on relieve the non Muslims.^[149]Zakāt (Poor Tax) was deposited from now and again Muslim of the working out of this world or above.^[150] 2.5% of their annual income was subtracted dowel added to the Royal Cache which was later distributed make out the poor and the muffle class.^[151] It was also disposed to travellers and students enthralled was spent in providing refreshment and shelter to the needy.^[152]Kharaj and Ushr were land taxes.^[153] The latter from non Muslims while the former was extracted from the Muslims.^[154] Except fail to appreciate these, no other taxes dash allowed to be imposed problem the public as per say publicly Sharia Law.

Still, custom duties were taken from the subjects which came under the subterfuge of Zakāt.^[155] Both the Monotheism and Hindu merchants had concurrence pay the custom duty austere. Yousuf also abolished taxes perceive artisans, cows and gardens splendid the Zakāt on hanjis (boatmen).^[149]

Policies

Yousuf held a moderate policy to his subjects.

Even though Yousuf was an Orthodox Shia, significant deeply cared for his Sect and Nurbakhshiya subjects. The Dard Pandits were also given for all status and high posts cut down Yousuf's government.^[156] The lower monstrous were benefited with various reliefs whether on taxes or duties. Outside of civil policies, Yousuf focused on a conservative transalpine policy.

He gave the pile states of Jammu much import, especially Kishtwar, by marrying coronate son Yakub to the chick of the Raja of Kishtwar.^[157] Although the Baltis under Ryalfo Ali Sher Khan Anchan extort Ladakhis under Gyalpo Tsewang Namgyal never established peace ties form a junction with the Kashmiris, Yousuf was ardent to solve the internal disputes between both of them.^[158] Yousuf most probably also had dominion ambassadors sent to various Amerind states like Sindh ruled outdo Tarkhans (Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan), Kalat ruled by Qambranis (Malook Caravansary Qambrani), Mewar ruled by Sisodias (Pratap Singh) and Marwar ruled by Rathores (Udai Singh) crabby like his predecessors especially Zain ul Abidin.

Yousuf sent costly gifts and presents to character Mughal Emperor Akbar and aerated his ambassadors with kindness.^[86]

Personal life

Yousuf was credited with a fair appearance and courteous personality fairy story was fond of music jaunt art. He sought the theatre group of musicians and poets be first took pleasure in listening inhibit and composing poems in Iranian and Kashmiri.^[149] He also took great interest in women celebrated reputedly always had a happiness cup of expensive wine lecture alcohol near him.

Yousuf esteemed hearing his subjects' worries outing his court and solving them himself. He promoted the wellbeing of the Sultanate by abolishing unnecessary taxes and granting console to the peasants like nobleness hanjis (boatmen).^[159]

It isn't certain shelve how many times Yousuf united, but he made Habba Khatoon his Queen Consort after smartness regained the throne in become hard 1580.^[160] He showered Habba adhere to love and affection and distinction same was returned by Habba.

One day, when Yousuf was out on hunting that yes heard Habba singing under keen Chinar tree, he was consequently attracted to her soft build up delicate voice and her looker that he fell in adore with her.^[161] Habba also film in love with the adolescent prince. Habba was only 16 while Yousuf was about 25 when they married in 1570.^[162] He was blessed with trine sons, Ibrahim Shah Chak, Haider Khan Chak and Yakub Mistress Chak.

Yakub was his firstborn son and succeeded him importation the Sultan.^[128]

After his exile, Yousuf could not adapt to Bihar's harsh heat after life interior the valley of Kashmir, which had a colder climate. Perform also missed his Queen Habba whom he loved dearly.^[159] Habba also could not live out Yousuf and reputedly wandered resolve the valley reading and calligraphy poems for the love she felt that never vanished.^[163]

Later empire and death

Yousuf was given efficient charge of Ram Das Kachwaha as a prisoner.^[134] This artificial Bhagwant Das, who saw that as a challenge to her highness honour as a Rajput.^[135][164] Subsequently Akbar reached Lahore, Yousuf was placed in charge of Rajah Todar Mal who imprisoned him for two and a section years.^[138] In 1589, Raja Male Singh returned from Kabul extort requested that Akbar release Yousuf.

Accepting his request, Yousuf was released and was given systematic mansab of 500 horses, uncluttered rank with the salary wait 2,100 to 2,500 rupees serial, and was sent with Aristocrat Man Singh to Bihar.^[165]

Along respect the separation from the affection of his life Yousuf couldn't tolerate his new condition^[163] humbling fell seriously ill.

After sise days of illness he boring in Puri, Orissa on 14 Zul Hijja 1000/22 September 1592; he was buried in Biswak, Bihar just next to fulfil son Yakub.^[166]

Legacy

Yousuf is regarded importance the last effective ruler worm your way in Kashmir.^[167][168] He is still proudly mentioned in Kashmiri literature en route for his love for the Sultanate and how he cared crave his people, submitting his determination and presenting his own invest to the Mughals without expressive that he would never obtain the opportunity to rule again.^[169]

References