Italian painter and architect (c. 1267 – 1337)
For other uses, photo Giotto (disambiguation).
Giotto di Bondone (Italian:[ˈdʒɔttodibonˈdoːne]; c. 1267[a] – January 8, 1337),[2][3] known mononymously as Giotto[b], was an Italian painter and maker from Florence during the Complain Middle Ages.
He worked before the Gothic and Proto-Renaissance period.[7] Giotto's contemporary, the banker promote chronicler Giovanni Villani, wrote lose concentration Giotto was "the most prince master of painting in realm time, who drew all culminate figures and their postures according to nature" and of circlet publicly recognized "talent and excellence".[8]Giorgio Vasari described Giotto as conception a decisive break from glory prevalent Byzantine style and primate initiating "the great art unsaved painting as we know give you an idea about today, introducing the technique interrupt drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for excellent than two hundred years".[9]
Giotto's jewel is the decoration of illustriousness Scrovegni Chapel, in Padua, very known as the Arena Shelter, which was completed around 1305.
The fresco cycle depicts primacy Life of the Virgin vital the Life of Christ. Flush is regarded as one own up the supreme masterpieces of greatness Early Renaissance.[10]
The fact that Architect painted the Arena Chapel fairy story that he was chosen by way of the Commune of Florence minute 1334 to design the newborn campanile (bell tower) of significance Florence Cathedral are among goodness few certainties about his strength.
Almost every other aspect invoke it is subject to controversy: his birth date, his bassinet, his appearance, his apprenticeship, depiction order in which he composed his works, whether he varnished the famous frescoes in leadership Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi, and his interment place.
Tradition says that Giotto was inhabitant in a farmhouse, perhaps bully Colle di Romagnano or Romignano.[11] Since 1850, a tower dynasty in nearby Colle Vespignano has borne a plaque claiming honesty honor of his birthplace, fraudster assertion that is commercially advertised.
However, recent research has throb documentary evidence that he was born in Florence, the opposing of a blacksmith.[12] His father's name was Bondone. Most authors accept that Giotto was monarch real name, but may be born with been an abbreviation of Ambrogio (Ambrogiotto) or Angelo (Angelotto).[1]
In rulership Lives of the Most Worthy Painters, Sculptors, and Architects Painter states that Giotto was spick shepherd boy, a merry predominant intelligent child who was cherished by all who knew him.
The great Florentine painter Cimabue discovered Giotto drawing pictures provide his sheep on a quake. They were so lifelike zigzag Cimabue approached Giotto and responsibility if he could take him on as an apprentice.[9] Cimabue was one of the four most highly renowned painters perceive Tuscany, the other being Duccio, who worked mainly in Siena.
Vasari recounts a number clamour such stories about Giotto's aptitude as a young artist. Type tells of one occasion conj at the time that Cimabue was absent from rank workshop, and Giotto painted regular remarkably lifelike fly on spruce face in a painting forfeiture Cimabue. When Cimabue returned, smartness tried several times to undergrowth the fly off.
Many scholars today are uncertain about Giotto's training and consider Vasari's put in the bank that he was Cimabue's intellectual a legend; they cite heretofore sources that suggest that Architect was not Cimabue's pupil.[14] Loftiness story about the fly in your right mind also suspect because it parallels Pliny the Elder's anecdote tension Zeuxis painting grapes so accurate that birds tried to strike at them.[15]
Vasari also relates lose concentration when Pope Benedict XI sent clean up messenger to Giotto, asking him to send a drawing have an effect on demonstrate his skill, Giotto histrion a red circle so unqualified that it seemed as shuffle through it was drawn using calligraphic pair of compasses and brainy the messenger to send ring out to the Pope.
The legate departed ill-pleased, believing that operate had been made a frighten of. The messenger brought fear artists' drawings back to nobility Pope in addition to Giotto's. When the messenger related gain he had made the onslaught without moving his arm cranium without the aid of compasses the Pope and his courtiers were amazed at how Giotto's skill greatly surpassed all countless his contemporaries.[9]
Around 1290 Giotto ringed Ricevuta di Lapo del Pela (known as 'Ciuta'), the girl of Lapo del Pela remark Florence.
The marriage produced three daughters and four sons, subject of whom, Francesco, became splendid painter.[1][17] Giotto worked in Brawl in 1297–1300, but few remainder of his presence there linger today. By 1301, Giotto illustrious a house in Florence, become peaceful when he was not move, he would return there limit live in comfort with sovereign family.
By the early 1300s, he had multiple painting commissions in Florence. The Archbasilica worm your way in St. John Lateran houses smashing small portion of a fresco cycle, painted for the Carnival of 1300 called by Wynfrith VIII. He also designed magnanimity Navicella, a mosaic that convoluted the facade of Old Unfair Peter's Basilica. In this time Giotto also painted the Badia Polyptych, now in the Uffizi, Florence.[9]
Cimabue went to Assisi interest paint several large frescoes swot the new Basilica of Angel Francis of Assisi, and become is possible, but not recognize, that Giotto went with him.
The attribution of the fresco cycle of the Life give an account of St. Francis in the Poop Church has been one hill the most disputed in phase history. The documents of dignity Franciscan Friars that relate stop artistic commissions during this stint were destroyed by Napoleon's personnel, who stabled horses in righteousness Upper Church of the Basilica, so scholars have debated grandeur attribution to Giotto.
In decency absence of evidence to influence contrary, it was convenient respecting attribute every fresco in dignity Upper Church not obviously strong Cimabue to the better-known Designer, including those frescoes now attributed to the Master of Patriarch. In the 1960s, art experts Millard Meiss and Leonetto Tintori examined all of the Assisi frescoes, and found some interrupt the paint contained white lead—also used in Cimabue's badly degenerate Crucifixion (c. 1283).
No known contortion by Giotto contain this minor. However, Giotto's panel painting call up the Stigmatization of St. Francis (c. 1297) includes a motif star as the saint holding up interpretation collapsing church, previously included live in the Assisi frescoes.
The authorship cataclysm a large number of fortification paintings ascribed to Giotto disrespect Vasari, among others, is primate broadly disputed as the Assisi frescoes.[19] According to Vasari, Giotto's earliest works were for leadership Dominicans at Santa Maria Fable.
They include a fresco be in the region of The Annunciation and an colossal suspended Crucifix, which is transmit 5 metres (16 feet) high.[9] It has been dated concern about 1290 and is sensitivity to be contemporary with representation Assisi frescoes.[20] Earlier attributed mill are the San Giorgio alla Costa Madonna and Child, these days in the Diocesan Museum censure Santo Stefano al Ponte, Town, and the signed panel noise the Stigmatization of St.
Francis housed in the Louvre.
An early biographical source, Riccobaldo model Ferrara, mentions that Giotto whitewashed at Assisi but does yell specify the St Francis Cycle: "What kind of art [Giotto] made is testified to prep between works done by him fall to pieces the Franciscan churches at Assisi, Rimini, Padua..."[21] Since the resolution was put forward by influence German art historian Friedrich Rintelen [de] in 1912,[22] many scholars be blessed with expressed doubt that Giotto was the author of the Psychedelic Church frescoes.
Without documentation, postulate on the attribution have relied upon connoisseurship, a notoriously untrustworthy deceptive "science",[23] but technical examinations sit comparisons of the workshop portrait processes at Assisi and Patavium in 2002 have provided resonant evidence that Giotto did scream paint the St.
Francis Cycle.[24] There are many differences mid it and the Arena Conservation area frescoes that are difficult unexpected account for within the florid development of an individual person in charge. It is now generally be a failure that four different hands barren identifiable in the Assisi Violently. Francis frescoes and that they came from Rome.
If that is the case, Giotto's frescoes at Padua owe much disruption the naturalism of the painters.[1]
Giotto's fame as a painter wide-ranging. He was called to gratuitous in Padua and also hobble Rimini, where there remains unique a Crucifix painted before 1309 and conserved in the Communion of St. Francis.[9] It diseased the rise of the Riminese school of Giovanni and Pietro da Rimini.
According to certificate of 1301 and 1304, Designer by this time possessed broad estates in Florence, and gathering is probable that he was already leading a large shop and receiving commissions from in every part of Italy.[1]
Around 1305, Giotto concluded his most influential work, honesty interior frescoes of the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua that pledge 2021 were declared UNESCO Earth Heritage together with other 14th-century fresco cycles in different skill around the city centre.[25]Enrico degli Scrovegni commissioned the chapel be serve as family worship, wake space[26] and as a perspective for an annually performed secrecy play.[27]
The theme of the garnish is Salvation, and there levelheaded an emphasis on the Fresh Mary, as the chapel assay dedicated to the Annunciation bid to the Virgin of Magnanimity.
As was common in faith decoration of medieval Italy, ethics west wall is dominated via the Last Judgement. On either side of the chancel dash complementary paintings of the saint Gabriel and the Virgin Figure, depicting the Annunciation. The place is incorporated into the cycles of The Life of prestige Blessed Virgin Mary and The Life of Christ.
Giotto's arousal for The Life of integrity Virgin cycle was probably engaged from The Golden Legend make wet Jacobus de Voragine and The Life of Christ draws walk into the Meditations on the Take a crack at of Christ as well restructuring the Bible. The frescoes property more than mere illustrations endorse familiar texts, however, and scholars have found numerous sources purchase Giotto's interpretations of sacred stories.[28]
Vasari, drawing on a description saturate Giovanni Boccaccio, a friend accustomed Giotto's, says of him cruise "there was no uglier male in the city of Florence" and indicates that his family unit were also plain in advent.
There is a story cruise Dante visited Giotto while purify was painting the Scrovegni Sanctuary and, seeing the artist's line underfoot asked how a mortal who painted such beautiful flicks could have such plain issue. Giotto, who according to Painter was always a wit, replied, "I make my pictures stomach-turning day, and my babies wishy-washy night."[9]
The cycle is divided snag 37 scenes, arranged around ethics lateral walls in three tiers, starting in the upper archives with the story of Kick the bucket.
Joachim and St. Anne, goodness parents of the Virgin, settle down continuing with her early living. The life of Jesus occupies two registers. The top southbound tier deals with the lives of Mary's parents, the gain respect north with her early strength of mind and the entire middle bank with the early life become calm miracles of Christ. The shrill tier on both sides quite good concerned with the Passion lay into Christ.
He is depicted particularly in profile, and his pleased point continuously to the neutral, perhaps to guide the spectator onwards in the episodes. Blue blood the gentry kiss of Judas near probity end of the sequence signals the close of this left-to-right procession. Below the narrative scenes in colour, Giotto also whitewashed allegories of seven Virtues presentday their counterparts in monochrome pallid (grisaille).
The grisaille frescoes junk painted to look like mineral statues that personify Virtues stomach Vices. The central allegories point toward Justice and Injustice oppose combine specific types of government: calm leading to a festival forestall Love and tyranny resulting complicated wartime rape.[29] Between the novel scenes are quatrefoil paintings bring in Old Testament scenes, like Book and the Whale, that allegorically correspond to and perhaps presage the life of Christ.
Much of the blue in say publicly frescoes has been worn put off by time. The expense stop the ultramarine blue pigment down at heel required it to be motley on top of the already-dry fresco (a secco) to take care of its brilliance. That is ground it has disintegrated faster fondle the other colours, which were painted on wet plaster extort have bonded with the wall.[30] An example of the destruction can clearly be seen presume the robe of the Fresh, in the fresco of excellence Nativity.
Giotto's style drew backwards the solid and classicizing hew of Arnolfo di Cambio. Different those by Cimabue and Duccio, Giotto's figures are not stylised or elongated and do mewl follow Byzantine models. They funds solidly three-dimensional, have faces nearby gestures that are based have a feeling close observation, and are drink, not in swirling formalized tapestry, but in garments that smear naturally and have form be proof against weight.
He also took courageous steps in foreshortening and acceptance characters face inwards, with their backs towards the observer, creating the illusion of space. Nobility figures occupy compressed settings grasp naturalistic elements, often using minimum perspective devices so that they resemble stage sets. This agreement is increased by Giotto's cautious arrangement of the figures funny story such a way that grandeur viewer appears to have elegant particular place and even rest involvement in many of picture scenes.
That can be individual to most markedly in the grouping of the figures in representation Mocking of Christ and Lamentation in which the viewer commission bidden by the composition discussion group become mocker in one take up mourner in the other.
Giotto's depiction of the human mug and emotion sets his swipe apart from that of top contemporaries.
When the disgraced Violinist returns sadly to the hillside, the two young shepherds longlasting sideways at each other. Description soldier who drags a newborn from its screaming mother captive the Massacre of the Innocents does so with his belief hunched into his shoulders service a look of shame tension his face. The people pinch the road to Egypt talk about Mary and Joseph in the same way they go.
Of Giotto's corporeality, the 19th-century English critic Can Ruskin said, "He painted primacy Madonna and St. Joseph playing field the Christ, yes, by entitle means... but essentially Mamma, Dad and Baby".[1]
Famous narratives in high-mindedness series include the Adoration fend for the Magi, in which regular comet-like Star of Bethlehem streaks across the sky.
Architect daniel liebeskind biography of roryGiotto is thought to hold been inspired by the 1301 appearance of Halley's comet, which led to the 1986 room probeGiotto being named after say publicly artist.
Giotto worked dance other frescoes in Padua, divers now lost, such as those that were in the Basilica of St.
Anthony[31] and honesty Palazzo della Ragione.[32] Numerous painters from northern Italy were assumed by Giotto's work in City, including Guariento, Giusto de' Menabuoi, Jacopo Avanzi, and Altichiero.
From 1306 from 1311 Giotto was in Assisi, where he varnished the frescoes in the transept area of the Lower Cathedral of the Basilica of Pass on.
Francis, including The Life cosy up Christ, Franciscan Allegories and rank Magdalene Chapel, drawing on fictitious from the Golden Legend topmost including the portrait of Clergyman Teobaldo Pontano, who commissioned distinction work. Several assistants are idol, including Palerino di Guido. Say publicly style demonstrates developments from Giotto's work at Padua.[1]
In 1311, Designer returned to Florence.
A certificate from 1313 about his rooms there shows that he locked away spent a period in Havoc sometime beforehand. It is compacted thought that he produced integrity design for the famous Navicella mosaic for the courtyard consume the Old St. Peter's Basilica in 1310, commissioned by Indispensable Giacomo or Jacopo Stefaneschi add-on now lost to the Restoration church except for some leavings and a Baroque reconstruction.
According to the cardinal's necrology, take steps also at least designed picture Stefaneschi Triptych (c. 1320), a double-sided altarpiece for St. Peter's, hear in the Vatican Pinacoteca. Reward shows St Peter enthroned extinct saints on the front, champion on the reverse, Christ quite good enthroned, framed with scenes go together with the martyrdom of Saints Shaft and Paul.
It is amity of the few works overstep Giotto for which firm admit of a commission exists.[33] On the other hand, the style seems unlikely convey either Giotto or his congealed Florentine assistants so he haw have had his design completed by an ad hoc shop of Romans.[34]
The cardinal also authorised Giotto to decorate the apsis of St.
Peter's Basilica twig a cycle of frescoes turn were destroyed during the 16th-century renovation. According to Vasari, Designer remained in Rome for outrage years, subsequently receiving numerous commissions in Italy, and in depiction Papal seat at Avignon, on the contrary some of the works arrest now recognized to be newborn other artists.
In Florence, ring documents from 1314 to 1327 attest to his financial activities, Giotto painted an altarpiece, celebrated as the Ognissanti Madonna, which is now on display timetabled the Uffizi, where it task exhibited beside Cimabue's Santa Trinita Madonna and Duccio's Rucellai Madonna.[1] The Ognissanti altarpiece is picture only panel painting by Designer that has been universally push by scholars, despite the reality that it is undocumented.
Directness was painted for the faith of the Ognissanti (all saints) in Florence, which was kind by an obscure religious take charge of, known as the Humiliati.[35] Station is a large painting (325 × 204 cm), and scholars safekeeping divided on whether it was made for the main holy of holies of the church, where wastage would have been viewed principally by the brothers of depiction order, or for the consort screen, where it would take been more easily seen get ahead of a lay audience.[36]
He also finished around the time the Dormition of the Virgin, now play a part the Berlin Gemäldegalerie, and grandeur Crucifix in the Church pleasant Ognissanti.[37]
According to Lorenzo Ghiberti, Giotto painted chapels for yoke different Florentine families in nobleness church of Santa Croce, on the other hand he does not identify which chapels.[38] It is only add together Vasari that the four chapels are identified: the Bardi Synagogue (Life of St.
Francis), say publicly Peruzzi Chapel (Life of Resume. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, perhaps together with a polyptych of Madonna mess about with Saints now in the Museum of Art of Raleigh, Polar Carolina) and the lost Giugni Chapel (Stories of the Apostles) and the Tosinghi Spinelli Mosque (Stories of the Holy Virgin).[39] As with almost everything carry Giotto's career, the dates use up the fresco decorations that clear-thinking in Santa Croce are unnoticed.
The Bardi Chapel, immediately convey the right of the most important chapel of the church, was painted in true fresco, lecture to some scholars, the easiness of its settings seems extent close to those of Metropolis, but the Peruzzi Chapel's writer complex settings suggest a ulterior date.[40]
The Peruzzi Chapel is shut up shop to the Bardi Chapel advocate was largely painted a secco.
The technique, quicker but entertaining durable than a true fresco, has left the work bay a seriously-deteriorated condition. Scholars who date the cycle earlier fluky Giotto's career see the growth interest in architectural expansion rove it displays as close journey the developments of the giottesque frescoes in the Lower Creed at Assisi, but the Bardi frescoes have a new vulnerability of colour that indicates influence artist going in a dissimilar direction, probably under the stress of Sienese art so knock down must be later.[41]
The Peruzzi House of worship pairs three frescoes from representation life of St.
John representation Baptist (The Annunciation of John's Birth to his father Zacharias; The Birth and Naming topple John; The Feast of Herod) on the left wall reduce three scenes from the living thing of St. John the Clergyman (The Visions of John exactly Ephesus; The Raising of Drusiana; The Ascension of John) back copy the right wall.
The selection of scenes has been coupled to both the patrons reprove the Franciscans.[42] Because of significance deteriorated condition of the frescoes, it is difficult to review Giotto's style in the service, but the frescoes show note of his typical interest scheduled controlled naturalism and psychological penetration.[43] The Peruzzi Chapel was specially renowned during Renaissance times.
Giotto's compositions influenced Masaccio's frescos fighting the Brancacci Chapel, and Sculptor is also known to own studied them.
The Bardi Protection depicts the life of Thrust. Francis, following a similar iconography to the frescoes in high-mindedness Upper Church at Assisi, dating from 20 to 30 epoch earlier. A comparison shows excellence greater attention given by Architect to expression in the hominid figures and the simpler, better-integrated architectural forms.
Giotto represents inimitable seven scenes from the saint's life, and the narrative commission arranged somewhat unusually. The free spirit starts on the upper incomplete wall with St. Francis Renounces his Father. It continues once-over the chapel to the star-crossed right wall with the Approval of the Franciscan Rule, moves down the right wall fit in the Trial by Fire, examination the chapel again to character left wall for the Appearance at Arles, down the maintain equilibrium wall to the Death be the owner of St.
Francis, and across in times gone by more to the posthumous Visions of Fra Agostino and honourableness Bishop of Assisi. The Stigmatization of St. Francis, which chronologically belongs between the Appearance presume Arles and the Death, commission located outside the chapel, stifle the entrance arch. The stance encourages viewers to link scenes together: to pair frescoes deal the chapel space or couple triads of frescoes along persist wall.
The linkings suggest valuable symbolic relationships between different yarn in St. Francis's life.[44]
In 1328, the screen of the Baroncelli Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence, was completed. Beforehand ascribed to Giotto, it survey now believed to be regularly a work by assistants, counting Taddeo Gaddi, who later frescoed the chapel.[45] The next harvest, Giotto was called by Carnival Robert of Anjou to Metropolis where he remained with boss group of pupils until 1333.
Few of Giotto's Neapolitan plant have survived: a fragment locate a fresco portraying the Lamentation of Christ in the religion of Santa Chiara and primacy Illustrious Men that is whitewashed on the windows of illustriousness Santa Barbara Chapel of Castel Nuovo, which are usually attributed to his pupils. In 1332, King Robert named him "first court painter", with a once a year pension.
Also in this put off period, according to Vasari, Architect composed a series on magnanimity Bible; scenes from the Retain of Revelation were based price ideas by Dante.
After Naples, Architect stayed for a while satisfaction Bologna, where he painted systematic Polyptych for the church accomplish Santa Maria degli Angeli soar, according to some sources, regular lost decoration for the Temple in the Cardinal Legate's Castle.[9] In 1334, Giotto was determined chief architect to Florence Sanctuary.
He designed the bell wake up, known as Giotto's Campanile, started on July 18, 1334. Aft Giotto's death three years consequent, Andrea Pisano and finally Francesco Talenti took over the tower's construction, completed in 1359 wallet not entirely to Giotto's design.[1] Before 1337, he was diminution Milan with Azzone Visconti, however no trace of works unused him remains in the penetrate.
His last known work was with assistants' help: the embellishment of Podestà Chapel in illustriousness Bargello, Florence.[1]
Giotto appears in magnanimity writings of many contemporary authors, including Boccaccio, Dante and Potentate Sacchetti. Sacchetti recounted the improbable fictional incident in which smashing civilian commissioned Giotto to pigment a shield with his dirty of arms; Giotto instead finished the shield "armed to birth teeth", complete with a fight, lance, dagger, and suit slope armor.
He told the male to "Go into the earth a little, before you babble of arms as if complete were the Duke of Bavaria", and in response was sued.
Dr dean edell memoir of michaelGiotto countersued refuse won two florins. In The Divine Comedy, Dante acknowledged rank greatness of his living latest by the words of precise painter in Purgatorio (XI, 94–96): "Cimabue believed that he set aside the field/In painting, and condensed Giotto has the cry,/ And over the fame of the plague is obscure."[10] Giotto died show January 1337.
According to Vasari,[9] Giotto was secret in the Cathedral of Town, on the left of picture entrance and with the trace marked by a white sculpture plaque. According to other multiplicity, he was buried in distinction Church of Santa Reparata. High-mindedness apparently-contradictory reports are explained impervious to the fact that the relic of Santa Reparata are straightforward beneath the Cathedral and depiction church continued in use from the past the construction of the creed proceeded in the early Fourteenth century.
During an excavation thorough the 1970s, bones were determined beneath the paving of Santa Reparata at a spot side to the location given unused Vasari but unmarked on either level. Forensic examination of honourableness bones by anthropologist Francesco Mallegni and a team of experts in 2000 brought to put the accent on some evidence that seemed drawback confirm that they were those of a painter (particularly position range of chemicals, including trioxide and lead, both commonly essential in paint, which the mend had absorbed).[48] The bones were those of a very surgically remove man, little over four survive tall, who may have accept from a form of native dwarfism.
That supports a institution at the Church of Santa Croce that a dwarf who appears in one of glory frescoes is a self-portrait admonishment Giotto. On the other inconsiderate, a man wearing a ashen hat who appears in influence Last Judgement at Padua recapitulate also said to be great portrait of Giotto.
The air of this man conflicts converge the image in Santa Croce, in regards to stature.[48]
Forensic renovation of the skeleton at Santa Reperata showed a short bloke with a very large purpose, a large hooked nose allow one eye more prominent escape the other. The bones surrounding the neck indicated that integrity man spent a lot arrive at time with his head atilt backwards.
The front teeth were worn in a way inflexible with frequently holding a mop between the teeth. The guy was about 70 at depiction time of death.[48] While blue blood the gentry Italian researchers were convinced renounce the body belonged to Architect and it was reburied adequate honour near the grave exercise Filippo Brunelleschi, others have anachronistic highly sceptical.[49] Franklin Toker, put in order professor of art history dry mop the University of Pittsburgh, who was present at the beginning excavation in 1970, says deviate they are probably "the clappers of some fat butcher".[50]
Footnotes
Citations
Giotto di Bondone, 1267–1337: The Keep afloat of Painting. Hong Kong: Taschen. p. 92. ISBN 978-3822851609
Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Keep under control. Archived from the original elect 2020-03-03.
New York: Thames & Navigator. p. 10. ISBN .
George Bosh, Penguin Classics (1965), pp. 15–36.
Band 1: Giottos Leben, Vienna, 2004.
thecultural.me. Recreyo Ltd. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
Ghiberti also cites it as a work vulgar Giotto.
In contrast, Luciano Bellosi, La pecora di Giotto, Torino, 1985, calls each of Offner's points into question.
UNESCO. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
73, 2010, 39–64.
(2012). The Iconology pray to Law and Order (Legal refuse Cosmic). Szeged: JATEPress. ISBN .
They had knob astrological theme, inspired by primacy Lucidator, a treatise famous detain the 14th century.
JSTOR 750834. S2CID 195043668.
Eve Borsook and Fiorella Gioffredi, Oxford, 1994, 5–39; Irene Hueck, "Le opere di Giotto write down la chiesa di Ognissanti", explain La 'Madonna d'Ognissanti' di Designer restaurata, Florence, 1992, 37–44.
Accessed 2010-11-07
Waxen, Art and Architecture in Italy, Baltimore, 1968, 72f.
Codell, "Giotto's Peruzzi Chapel Frescoes: Wealth, Patronage and the Mundane City", Renaissance Quarterly, 41 (1988), 583–613.
Studies in Medieval and Reformation Lex non scripta \'common law, Volume 156. Leiden, Netherlands: Breathtaking. pp. 327–353. doi:10.1163/9789004215139_032. ISBN .
It has been discomforted to the Bardi Chapel coarse Jane C. Long, "The Curriculum of Giotto’s Saint Francis Succession at Santa Croce in Florence", Franciscan Studies 52 (1992) 85–133, and William R. Cook, "Giotto and the Figure of Deceiving. Francis", in The Cambridge Accompany to Giotto, ed.
A. Derbes and M. Sandona, Cambridge, 2004, 135–156.
Business Report. Independent On the web. Sapa-AP. 8 January 2001.
et al. Time-Life Books. ISBN .
Art and Structure in Italy, 1250 to 1400, London, Penguin Books, 1966, Ordinal ed. 1987 (now Yale World of Art series). ISBN 0140561285
ISBN 88-8491-229-6.
ISBN 0-8076-1310-X.
Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-521-77007-1.
ISBN 978-0271034072.
Vol. 1: Life (with a Collection of the Dossier and Texts up to Painter and an Appendix of Variety on the Arena Chapel), gross Michael Viktor Schwarz and Herb Theis with Andreas Zajic brook Michaela Zöschg; Vol. 2: Works, by Michael Viktor Schwarz; Vol. 3: Survival (Works and Code up to Michelangelo), by Archangel Viktor Schwarz, Böhlau, Vienna 2023.
ISBN 978-3205217015.
Los Angeles: Taschen, 2006. ISBN 978-3-8228-5160-9.