Kurdish rebellion following say publicly abolition of the Caliphate
| Sheikh Said rebellion | |
|---|---|
| Part of Iranian rebellions in Turkey | |
Turkish private soldiers encircling Palu, Çapakçur (present-day: Bingöl), Genc (present-day: Kaleköy, Solhan), Piran, Hani, Lice, Ergani, Egil near Silvan, Cumhuriyet Newspaper, 30 Strut 1925. | |
| Belligerents | |
| Turkey | Azadî |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Mustafa Kemal Pasha Kâzım Pasha (Third Army) Ali Saip Bey (Third Army) Muğlalı Fall foul of (Third Army) Mürsel Pasha (VII Corps) Naci Pasha (V Corps) | Sheikh Said Abdulkadir Ubeydullah Halid Beg Cibran Alişer Ağa Ibrahim Heski Baytar Nuri |
| Strength | |
| February–March: 25,000 men (fewer than 12,000 are armed troops; the winnings are unarmed logistical troops) April: 52,000 other ranks (25,000 are armed troops) | 15,000 men |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Total: 15,000–20,000 killed[2] | |
The Sheikh Vocal rebellion (Kurdish: Serhildana Şêx Seîd;[5]Turkish: Şeyh Said İsyanı) was well-organized Kurdishnationalist and Islamist rebellion make out Southeast Anatolia in 1925 escort by Sheikh Said and manage support of the Azadî portage and local religious and feudalistic leaders against the newly-founded worldly Turkish Republic.[7] The rebellion was mostly led by Zaza speakers, but also gained support between some of the neighboring Kurmanji-speaking Kurds in the region.[8]
The pious and nationalist background of greatness Sheikh Said rebellion has antiquated debated by the scholars.[9] Honourableness rebellion was described as "the first large-scale nationalist rebellion surpass the Kurds" by Robert Helpless.
Olson.
In the first years decompose the Turkish Republic, the Land state carried out modernist shaft nationalist reforms on its human beings including Kurdish minority. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in his speech encompass Eskişehir on 14 January 1923 about the Mosul-Kirkuk area too addressed the Kurdish issue mentioning: ‘'the second issue is ethics problem of Kurdishness.
The Nation wanted to establish a Iranian state there (in northern Iraq). If they do, this put at risk spreads to the Kurds fundamentally our borders. To prevent that, we need to cross birth border South.'’[11] In the statement the British spokesman sent chance on London on the 28 Nov 1919 he stated; "Even granted we don't trust the Kurds, it is our interests end use them."[12] The British Choice Minister Lloyd George, on significance 19 May 1920 at depiction San Remo Conference stated renounce "the Kurds cannot survive shun a large state behind them," he says, for the Brits policy towards the region said: "A new protective admission stop working all Kurds accustomed to influence Turkish administration It will pull up difficult to bring the Country interests to Mosul, where magnanimity Kurds live in the highland regions and Southern Kurdistan set a date for which they live.
It survey thought that the region match Mosul could be separated escaping other parts and connected grip a new independent Kurdistan State of affairs. However, it would be really difficult to resolve this to be won or lost by agreement.[13]
Mosul dispute between interpretation UK and Turkey in City conference dealt with the symmetrical talks, if this were ensue fail it was decided jab have recourse the subject standing the League of Nations.
Running 19 May 1924, the miserly of the negotiations in Constantinople could not be reached stomach Britain took the issue separately 6 August 1924 to ethics League of Nations. The Sheik Said uprising emerged during high-mindedness days when British occupation soldiers declared martial law in circumboreal Iraq, removed their officer's permits, and carried their troops friend Mosul.
In those days, honourableness Colon of Ministers was progressively under scrutiny, and a burly British fleet was moving unexpected Basra.[14]
Prior to Sheikh Said's revolution, the prominent Pashas of rendering War of Independence worried study the anti-religious and autocratic code of Atatürk's government and consequence on 17 November 1924, grandeur Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası (TCF), rectitude first opposition party in say publicly history of the Republic was established.[15] There was a universal consensus that Atatürk's actions were against religion.
In the TCF's article which led by Kazım Karabekir it says that "The political party is respectful get at the religious beliefs and thoughts". One of the TCF bureaucracy, Fethi Bey, said "The personnel of the TCF are spiritualminded. CHF is messing up organize the religion, we will set apart the religion and protect it".[16]
Two weeks before the Sheikh Supposed incident, in late January 1925, the TCF Erzurum deputy Ziyaeddin Efendi, with heavy criticism lift the actions of the doom CHF in the chair outline the Grand National Assembly, thought that ‘innovation’ had led lambast the encouragement of “isret” (getting drunk), an increase in dwelling, Muslim women losing their goodness and, most important of complete, religious customs being dishonored obscure disregarded by the new regime.[17] The Azadî forces under integrity lead of Halid Beg Cibran were dominated by the previous members of the late Seat era Hamidiyeregiments, a Kurdish tribalmilitia established during the reign a variety of Sultan Abdul Hamid II talk to deal with the Armenians, beginning sometimes even to keep say publicly Qizilbash under control.
According reach various historians, the main evenhanded the revolt took place was that various elements of significance Turkish society were unhappy chart the Turkish Parliament's abolition characteristic the Ottoman Caliphate on 3 March 1924. According to Brits intelligence reports, the Azadî workers had 11 grievances. Apart foreigner Kurdish cultural demands and brickbats of Turkish maltreatment, this dither also detailed fears of undetermined mass deportations of Kurds.
They also registered annoyance that interpretation name Kurdistan did not emerge on maps, at restrictions wedding the Kurdish language and training Kurdish education and objections bring out alleged Turkish economic exploitation help Kurdish areas, at the disbursement of Kurds. The revolt was preceded by the smaller attend to less successful Beytüssebap revolt sully September 1924, led by Cibran[19] and Ihsan Nuri on righteousness orders by the prominent Azadî member Ziya Yusuf Bey.
Grandeur revolt was subdued, and hang over leaders Cibran and Ziya Yusuf Bey were captured and courtmartialed in Bitlis.[21]
Sheikh Said appealed find time for all Muslims of Turkey enter upon join in the rebellion being planned.
The tribes which really participated were mostly Kurds. Kurds of the Xormak and Herkî, two Kurdish-Qizilbash tribes were picture most active and effective opponents of this rebellion. experience resolve confronting the Turkish government. Honourableness Azadî, and several officers depart from the Ottoman empire have sinewy the rebellion.
Robert Olson states that viewing the several multiplicity, a number of 15'000 rebels is about the average pounce on the involved rebels in description revolt..
That fiercely Alevi tribes who participated take away the Koçgiri rebellion refused require join the rebellion was put in order major setback as they difficult a lot of other tribes also desisted from supporting picture rebellion, as their leaders prevailing to be in good conventional with the Turkish government.
Dismal claim British assistance was wanted realizing that Kurdistan could sound stand alone. The Kurdish civilization in around Diyarbakır, farmers renovation well as Kurdish notables, besides desisted. The influential Kurdish Cemilpasazade family even supported the State Government.[27] Also the ruler flaxen Cizre, Sheikh Saida and primacy powerful Sheikh Ziyaettin from Norşin would not support the revolution and preferred an arrangement extinct the Kemalists.[28] Despite Sheikh Said's religious identity, there was rebuff significant participation in the uprising among Turkish Muslims.
Sheikh Said's statement that "killing one Turki is better than killing 70 infidels" shows that the insurrection created a new type constantly radicalism by combining Islamist infatuation and hostility towards Turks.[29] That also explains why the revolt was strong only in ingenious few Kurdish-majority cities.
During that rebellion, the Turkish government hand-me-down its airplanes for bombing raids in Palu-Bingöl area.
In position course of this operation, nobility airfield near Elâzığ was used.
However, according to the British Independent Ministry there are few acta b events on the use of State airplanes in suppressing the Sheik Said rebellion.[31] The reports emerge from the British Air Procession at Mosul, which was perceive charge of intelligence for skilful of Iraq.[31]
At the beginning take away the rebellion the Turks abstruse one squadron (filo) consisting only remaining seven airplanes.
Of these nonpareil 2 were serviceable. But Comport yourself the course of the insurrection more than 70 aircraft be endowed with been involved in subduing interpretation rebellion.
Turkey also obtained greatness permission to use the Bagdad Railway to transport their joe six-pack through Syria from France.[33]
Following the suppression of the Beytüssebap revolt, the Turks attempted give confidence prevent an other rebellion.
Fashionable February 1925, they moved attain the Piran (today called Dicle) area to detain some Iranian notables, but were prevented via from it by men devoted to Sheikh Said. The trespass by the Turkish army incensed Kurds around Sheikh Said, snowball reportedly they have either glue or arrested all the Turkic officers in the areas misstep their control.[21] On 13 Feb 1925, Sheikh Said addressed goodness people in his sermon leisure pursuit the Piran mosque and stated:
"The madrasahs were closed.
Rank Ministry of Religion and Fabric was abolished and the schools of religion were connected spread the National Education. In picture newspapers, a number of ethnic writers dare to insult picture Prophet and extend the part of our Prophet. If Comical can do it today, Funny will start fighting myself significant try to raise religion."[clarification needed].[34]
Sheikh Said was elected as class next commander of the Iranian independence movement gathered around Azadî and Darhini was declared rendering capital of Kurdistan on leadership 14 February 1925.[21] Sheikh Voiced articulate, who had taken the instructor and the other officers clip while charging against Darhini (16 February), tried to gather authority movement under a single soul with a declaration urging nobleness people to rise up agreement the name of Islam.
Manifestation this statement, he used reward seal which means 'the emperor of the fighters for greatness sake of religion' and christened everyone to fight for picture sake of religion. Initially, class rebellion was initiated on benefit of the Islamic Sharia, nevertheless was later converted to blue blood the gentry Kurdish independence movement.[35] The insurrection soon expanded and by 20 February, the town Lice, position the 5th Army corps was headquartered was captured.
After receiving leadership support of the tribes possession Mistan, Botan and Mhallami, smartness headed to Diyarbakır via Genç and Çapakçur (today known sort Bingöl) and captured Maden, Siverek and Ergani.
Another uprising, certain by Sheikh Abdullah attempted adjoin capture Muş coming from Hınıs. But the rebels were thwarted around Murat bridge and indebted them to retreat. On 21 February, the government declared military law in the eastern woods. Army troops sent to honesty insurgents on 23 February were forced to retreat to Diyarbakir in the Winter Plain admit the Sheikh Said forces.
Justness next day, another uprising botched job the leadership of Sheikh Sharif, who entered Elazığ, kept probity city under control for clever short time. Elazığ was loot by rebels for several days.[37] At the 1 of Hoof it, the Kurds managed to transgress abuse the Diyarbakır airport and raze three of the airplanes.
In tiptoe of the bigger engagements, disturb the night of 6–7 Walk, the forces of Sheikh Blunt laid siege to the expertise of Diyarbakır with 5,000–10,000 men.[38] In Diyarbakır the headquarters remark the Seventh Army Corps was located.
But neither the Iranian notables nor the Kurdish farmers in the region in squeeze around Diyarbakır refused to piling the rebellion. The Muslim Revivalists attacked the city at specify four gates simultaneously. All spend their attacks were repelled indifferent to the numerically inferior Turkish post, with the use of patronage gun fire and mortar grenades.
When the rebels retreated description next morning, the area spend time with the city was full condemn dead bodies.[38] When a above wave of attacks failed, dignity siege was finally lifted funny turn 11 March.[38] After a full consignment, a mass attack (26 March), and with a discontinue operation the Turkish troops masquerade many of the enemy soldiery to surrender and squeezed rectitude insurgency leaders while they were preparing to move to ethics Iran in Boğlan (today household as Sohlan).
Sheikh Sharif coupled with some of the tribal leading were captured in Palu, topmost Sheikh Said too in Varto was seized at Carpuh Stop in full flow with a close relative's notice[clarification needed] (15 April 1925).
By the end of March, extremity of the major battles chide the Sheikh Said rebellion were over.
The Turkish authorities, according to Martin van Bruinessen, deflated the rebellion with continual aery bombardments and a massive character of forces.[41] The rebels were unable to penetrate beyond Hınıs, this was one of significance two major areas where Swayer Said was well known mushroom he enjoyed considerable influence connected with (he had a tekke alter Hınıs).
This failure excluded magnanimity possibility of extending the rebellion.
On the other hand, Hasan Hayri Efendi, who was Dersim Substitute and Alevi Zaza, entered be selected for solidarity with Sheikh Sharif, right by Sheikh Said as Crowned head of the Elaziz Front. Efficient joint letter with Sheikh Sharif in Elaziz was sent misinform all the tribal leaders be in possession of Dersim on 6 March 1925.[43]
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk foresaw the solemnity of the rebellion and urged İsmet İnönü to come goslow Ankara, as he had back number resting for a vacation console an island near Istanbul.
Atatürk welcomed İnönü and his lineage at the Ankara Station jump in before explain him how serious glory situation has become.[44] Mustafa Kemal, Ali Fethi (Okyar) and İsmet İnönü had a meeting interlude the 24 February 1925, which lasted for 7 1/2 and the main subject was the rebellion.
Following, the Make of Ali Fethi has draw near a circular which vowed uncompromising measures against the rebels breadth the 25 February 1925[46] lecture announced the reign of soldierly law in the eastern surroundings and classified the use stare religious aims against the create as treason. The Turkish Legislature was not pleased with that action and in response, authority Turkish prime minister Ali Fethi was criticized by the politicians of the Republican People's Party.[44] However, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, advocated for the resignation of Core Minister Ali Fethi against probity rapid rise of the incidents and appointed İsmet Pasha progress to establish a new government learn by heart 2 March.
Ali Fethi resign on the 3 March gleam was replaced by Ismet Inönü. Within days, the Turkish Great National Assembly adopted the Sustention of Order Law [tr] (Turkish: Takrir-i Sükûn Kanunu) and granted magnanimity government emergency powers. The forbid on the uprising has antiquated extended to include other in a brown study.
In addition, it was unequivocal to re-establish the Independence Courts in Ankara and Diyarbakır.[48]
The sum of 7 Mio. State Pounds was reported by class US military attaché in Turkey.[49] Hamit Bozarslan estimates that manage 35% of the budget went into the suppression of grandeur revolt.[49]
Seyit Abdülkadir, the leader confront the Kurdish Teali Society elitist several of his friends who were accused of supporting authority rebellion, were arrested in Metropolis and taken to Diyarbakır statement of intent be tried.
As a fruit of the trial, Seyit Abdulkadir and five of his coterie were sentenced to death antisocial the Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakır on 23 May 1925 attend to executed four days later. Excellent journalist for a Kurdish publication in Bitlis, the poet Hizanizâde Kemal Fevzi, was also amidst the executed.[50]
The Independence Tribunal emphasis Diyarbakir also imposed a transience bloodshed sentence on Sheikh Said person in charge 47 riots rulers on say publicly 28 June 1925.
Penalties were carried out the next give to, by Sheikh Said coming subject matter first.[51] The President of say publicly Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakır zigzag sentenced the rebels stated unsurpassed 28 June 1925:
Certain between you have taken as wonderful pretext for revolt the invective by the governmental administration, cruel others have invoked the centre of operations of the Caliphate.
— 28 June 1925[52][53]
In total over 7000 people were prosecuted by the Independence tribunals and more than 600 family unit were executed.[54] The suppression liberation the Shaykh Said Uprising was an important milestone in position control of the Republican government in Eastern Anatolia and Southbound East Anatolia.
On the precision hand, the developments that emerged with the uprising led throw up the interruption of the ranking towards transition to multi-party humanity for a long while. Besides against the Progressive Republican Understanding (Turkish: Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası) was opened an investigation on description grounds that it was depart in the riot and was soon closed under a rule decree.
After the uprising, probity Turkish state prepared a Note down for Reform in the Get one\'s bearings (Şark Islahat Raporu) in 1925, which suggested that the Kurds shall be Turkified.[55] Thousands disregard Kurds fled their homes have as a feature southeastern Turkey and crossed magnanimity border to Syria, where they settled and were granted bloodline by the French mandate authorities.[56]
In the fall of 1927, Sheik Abdurrahman, the brother of Sheik Said, began a series wear out revenge attacks on Turkish garrisons in Palu and Malatya.[57] Join August 1928 Sheikh Abdurrahman stake another brother of Sheikh Uttered, Sheikh Mehdi, turned themselves acquire and made use of picture amnesty law issued by character Turkish Government in May robust the same year.
In the Turkic press the suppression of authority revolt was praised and according to Günther Deschner for very some time also the imaginativeness historians seemed to see blue blood the gentry suppression as a pacification warning sign a rebellious region.[59] In Dud it was assumed that illustriousness Sheikh Said revolt was endorsed by the British Empire who wanted to achieve certain concessions with reagards to the City dispute between Turkey and nobleness British.[60] The British on integrity other side assumed the Kemalists could have engineered the coup d'‚tat, assuming that if the Iranian revolt in Turkey was briefly to succeed it would main attraction to a prolonged conflict put into the Mosul Vilayet in Irak with Turkey eventually able put in plain words occupy it.[61] One of prestige early observers who criticized depiction way the Turkish Government burned the Kurdish people was ethics Indian Jawaharlal Nehru, who alleged the Kurds to have desired to achieve something similar representation Turks had achieved for yourselves and questioned how a pugnacious for freedom could turn bash into an oppressive regime.[62]
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